Existentialism in Literature - TOEFL Reading Practice Test

To ace the TOEFL iBT^® exam, mastering academic texts in English is crucial for success in the TOEFL Reading section. This segment mirrors the challenges of reading in English-speaking academic environments, assessing skills like identifying main ideas, extracting details, making inferences, and recognising text structure. Consistent practice is the key to excelling in this section. 

Our practice tests closely mimic the format and writing style of the actual exam, ensuring that you feel prepared and self-assured on  the test day. Therefore, join us in taking the TOEFL Practice Test centered on the passage 'Existentialism in Literature' to familiarise yourself with the test format and note the areas for improvement!

Reading Instructions

• You have 15 minutes to read the following passage and answer all 9 questions related to it.  
• Most questions are worth 1 point. The directions indicate how many points you will receive for that specific question. 
• The specific section/paragraphs have been provided again with the question for ease of understanding and quick solution.
• Some questions include a word or phrase that is highlighted in the question as well as in the paragraph for quick reference. 

Existentialism is a philosophy that gained attention in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It has greatly influenced literature by addressing the complexities of the human condition. The search for meaning is a key theme in this way of thinking. This approach asserts that individuals are responsible for defining their own essence through choices and actions, often in a world seen as lacking natural meaning. Key figures like Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, and Fyodor Dostoevsky explored themes of absurdity, freedom, and alienation. They reflect the belief that existence comes before essence. This idea challenges traditional stories that suggest a set purpose or moral framework. It invites readers to confront the details of human existence and the effects of their choices.

A central idea of existentialist literature is the exploration of the absurd, which highlights the conflict between humanity's desire for meaning and an indifferent universe. Albert Camus, in his influential essay "The Myth of Sisyphus," illustrates this concept through the symbol of Sisyphus. He is a figure forced to roll a boulder up a hill, only for it to roll back down each time he reaches the top. Camus argues that, like Sisyphus, individuals must find value in their struggles despite the natural futility of existence. This perspective encourages readers to embrace their freedom and create their own meaning, even in the face of an absurd reality. The existentialist focus on personal responsibility and the rejection of external validation resonates throughout various literary works, prompting a reevaluation of traditional moral and ethical beliefs.

In addition to the theme of absurdity, existentialist literature often explores the concept of alienation. Characters frequently deal with feelings of isolation and disconnection from society, reflecting the belief that individuals are fundamentally alone in their experiences. Fyodor Dostoevsky's "Notes from Underground" serves as a powerful example, featuring an unnamed narrator who embodies the struggle against societal norms and expectations. His deep sense of alienation leads him to reject conventional values, resulting in significant internal conflict. This exploration of alienation not only highlights the individual's struggle for genuineness but also critiques the societal structures that contribute to feelings of isolation. Through such stories, existentialist literature invites readers to reflect on their own experiences of alienation and the societal forces that shape their identities.

The theme of freedom is another cornerstone of existentialist literature, often linked with the ideas of choice and responsibility. Jean-Paul Sartre's "Nausea" exemplifies this theme through the character of Antoine Roquentin, who confronts the heavy weight of existence and the burden of freedom. Sartre suggests that individuals are "forced to be free," meaning they must navigate the complexities of choice without the guidance of set values. This idea can be both liberating and daunting, as it places the responsibility of meaning-making squarely on the individual. The tension between freedom and the fear of existential despair is a recurring theme in existentialist literature, prompting readers to consider the implications of their choices and the genuineness of their existence.

Also, existentialism in literature often challenges the idea of objective truth, suggesting that reality is subjective and shaped by individual perception. This perspective is evident in the works of writers like Franz Kafka, whose stories often blur the lines between reality and absurdity. In "The Metamorphosis," Kafka presents the transformation of Gregor Samsa into a monstrous insect, a scenario that defies logical explanation yet serves as a powerful symbol for the alienation and absurdity of modern life. Kafka's exploration of subjective reality compels readers to question the nature of existence and the validity of societal norms. By presenting characters who navigate a world without clear meaning, existentialist literature encourages a critical examination of the assumptions that underpin human experience.

To sum up, existentialism has left a lasting impact on literature, offering deep insights into the human condition through its exploration of absurdity, alienation, freedom, and subjective reality. The works of existentialist writers challenge readers to confront the complexities of existence and to embrace the responsibility of creating their own meaning in an indifferent universe. As contemporary society deals with issues of identity, purpose, and authenticity, the themes presented in existentialist literature remain relevant, inviting ongoing reflection and inquiry. Ultimately, the existentialist perspective reminds us that, despite the uncertainties of life, individuals have the power to shape their own destinies and find significance in their experiences. This ongoing dialogue between literature and existential thought continues to inspire readers to explore the depths of their own existence and the choices that define them.

Directions: Once you have read the passage, answer the following questions.

Paragraph 1 

Existentialism is a philosophy that gained attention in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It has greatly influenced literature by addressing the complexities of the human condition. The search for meaning is a key theme in this way of thinking. This approach asserts that individuals are responsible for defining their own essence through choices and actions, often in a world seen as lacking natural meaning. Key figures like Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, and Fyodor Dostoevsky explored themes of absurdity, freedom, and alienation. They reflect the belief that existence comes before essence. This idea challenges traditional stories that suggest a set purpose or moral framework. It invites readers to confront the details of human existence and the effects of their choices.

1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following authors is NOT mentioned as a key figure in existentialist literature?     
   1. Jean-Paul Sartre 
   2. Albert Camus 
   3. Fyodor Dostoevsky
   4. Franz Kafka 

1. In paragraph 1, the author mentions all of the following as themes explored by existentialist writers EXCEPT:    
   1. Absurdity 
   2. Freedom 
   3. Alienation 
   4. Romanticism 

Paragraph 2

A central idea of existentialist literature is the exploration of the absurd, which highlights the conflict between humanity's desire for meaning and an indifferent universe. Albert Camus, in his influential essay "The Myth of Sisyphus," illustrates this concept through the symbol of Sisyphus. He is a figure forced to roll a boulder up a hill, only for it to roll back down each time he reaches the top. Camus argues that, like Sisyphus, individuals must find value in their struggles despite the natural futility of existence. This perspective encourages readers to embrace their freedom and create their own meaning, even in the face of an absurd reality. The existentialist focus on personal responsibility and the rejection of external validation resonates throughout various literary works, prompting a reevaluation of traditional moral and ethical beliefs.

1. What can be inferred about the character of Sisyphus in Camus's essay in Paragraph 2? 
   1. He represents the futility of human existence.   
   2. He is a symbol of ultimate success. 
   3. He embodies the joy of life. 
   4. He is a figure of despair. 

1. Why does the author include the example of Sisyphus in paragraph 2?    
   
   1. To illustrate the importance of traditional values
   2. To demonstrate the struggle for meaning in an absurd world 
   3. To highlight the achievements of existentialist writers
   4. To provide a historical context for existentialism

Paragraph 3

In addition to the theme of absurdity, existentialist literature often explores the concept of alienation. Characters frequently deal with feelings of isolation and disconnection from society, reflecting the belief that individuals are fundamentally alone in their experiences. Fyodor Dostoevsky's "Notes from Underground" serves as a powerful example, featuring an unnamed narrator who embodies the struggle against societal norms and expectations. His deep sense of alienation leads him to reject conventional values, resulting in significant internal conflict. This exploration of alienation not only highlights the individual's struggle for genuineness but also critiques the societal structures that contribute to feelings of isolation. Through such stories, existentialist literature invites readers to reflect on their own experiences of alienation and the societal forces that shape their identities.

1. In paragraph 3, the word "genuineness" is closest in meaning to:  
   1. Expectation 
   2. Realisation 
   3. Reflection
   4. Disappointment 

1. Which of the following sentences best expresses the essential information in the following text from paragraph 3?

 "This exploration of alienation not only highlights the individual's struggle for genuineness but also critiques the societal structures that contribute to feelings of isolation."   

1. 1. The exploration of alienation focuses solely on individual struggles.
   2. Alienation critiques societal structures while highlighting individual struggles.  
   3. Alienation is a theme that only affects society. 
   4. The theme of alienation is irrelevant to individual experiences. 

Paragraph 4

The theme of freedom is another cornerstone of existentialist literature, often linked with the ideas of choice and responsibility. Jean-Paul Sartre's "Nausea" exemplifies this theme through the character of Antoine Roquentin, who confronts the heavy weight of existence and the burden of freedom. Sartre suggests that individuals are "forced to be free," meaning they must navigate the complexities of choice without the guidance of set values. This idea can be both liberating and daunting, as it places the responsibility of meaning-making squarely on the individual. The tension between freedom and the fear of existential despair is a recurring theme in existentialist literature, prompting readers to consider the implications of their choices and the genuineness of their existence.

1. What is the main purpose of paragraph 4?    
   1. To discuss the historical context of existentialism
   2. To explore the theme of freedom in existentialist literature 
   3. To critique the works of Jean-Paul Sartre
   4. To compare existentialism with other philosophies

Paragraphs 5

(A) Also, existentialism in literature often challenges the idea of objective truth, suggesting that reality is subjective and shaped by individual perception. (B) This perspective is evident in the works of writers like Franz Kafka, whose stories often blur the lines between reality and absurdity. (C) In "The Metamorphosis," Kafka presents the transformation of Gregor Samsa into a monstrous insect, a scenario that defies logical explanation yet serves as a powerful symbol for the alienation and absurdity of modern life. (D) Kafka's exploration of subjective reality compels readers to question the nature of existence and the validity of societal norms. By presenting characters who navigate a world without clear meaning, existentialist literature encourages a critical examination of the assumptions that underpin human experience.

1. In paragraph 5, there is a missing sentence. The paragraph shows four letters  (A),  (B),  (C),  (D) that indicate where the following sentence could be added. 
   

   "Kafka's characters often grapple with their identities in a confusing world." 

   Where would the sentence best fit? 

   1. Option A
   2. Option B
   3. Option C
   4. Option D

Paragraphs 6

To sum up, existentialism has left a lasting impact on literature, offering deep insights into the human condition through its exploration of absurdity, alienation, freedom, and subjective reality. The works of existentialist writers challenge readers to confront the complexities of existence and to embrace the responsibility of creating their own meaning in an indifferent universe. As contemporary society deals with issues of identity, purpose, and authenticity, the themes presented in existentialist literature remain relevant, inviting ongoing reflection and inquiry. Ultimately, the existentialist perspective reminds us that, despite the uncertainties of life, individuals have the power to shape their own destinies and find significance in their experiences. This ongoing dialogue between literature and existential thought continues to inspire readers to explore the depths of their own existence and the choices that define them.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. 

1. Existentialism in literature explores the complexities of the human condition through themes such as absurdity, alienation, and freedom.   
   
   
   1. Existentialist literature encourages readers to create their own meaning in an indifferent universe. 
   2. The works of existentialist writers are primarily focused on romantic relationships. 
   3. The exploration of subjective reality challenges traditional notions of truth. 
   4. Existentialism has no relevance to contemporary society. 
   5. Themes of identity and authenticity remain significant in modern discussions of existentialism. 

1. What is the main purpose of paragraph 6?   
   1. To provide a historical overview of existentialism
   2. To analyse the impact of existentialism on literature
   3. To critique the philosophical foundations of existentialism 
   4. To compare existentialism with other literary movements

Hold on!  Before checking your answers and matching them, explore the TOEFL Exam Pattern and Syllabus!

Answer Key with Explanation for TOEFL Reading Passage - Existentialism in Literature

1.  Answer: D

Explanation: In paragraph 1, the key figures mentioned in existentialist literature are Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Franz Kafka is not included in this list, making option D the correct answer. This highlights the focus of the paragraph on specific authors who have contributed to existentialist themes, while Kafka is discussed later in the passage.

2. Answer: D

Explanation: The paragraph lists absurdity, freedom, and alienation as themes explored by existentialist writers. Romanticism is not mentioned in the context of existentialism, making it the correct answer. This indicates that the author is specifically addressing themes that align with existentialist thought, rather than those associated with Romantic literature.

3. Answer: A

Explanation: The character of Sisyphus, as described in Camus's essay, embodies the struggle against the absurdity of life, where his endless task symbolizes the futility of human existence. This aligns with the existentialist theme of finding meaning in struggles despite their inherent meaninglessness, making option A the most fitting inference.

4. Answer: B

Explanation: The example of Sisyphus is used to illustrate the existentialist idea that individuals must find value in their struggles, even when faced with an indifferent universe. This directly relates to the theme of absurdity and the search for meaning, making option B the correct choice.

5. Answer: A

Explanation: In paragraph 3, "genuineness" refers to the quality of being authentic or true to oneself. The context of the paragraph discusses the individual's struggle for authenticity in the face of societal norms, making option A the closest synonym.

6. Answer: B

Explanation: The correct answer is option B. This option captures the dual focus of the sentence, which discusses both the individual's struggle for genuineness and the critique of societal structures. It effectively summarises the essence of the original sentence, making it the best choice.

7. Answer: B

Explanation: The correct answer is option B. Paragraph 4 focuses on the theme of freedom, particularly through Sartre's work and the implications of choice and responsibility. This makes option B the main purpose of the paragraph, as it directly addresses the exploration of freedom within existentialist literature.

8. Answer: B

Explanation: The correct answer is option B. The sentence about Kafka's characters grappling with their identities fits well after the mention of subjective reality, as it expands on the idea of how Kafka's work exemplifies the challenges of identity in an absurd world. Thus, option B is the most appropriate placement.

9. Answer: A, C, E

Explanation: Option A captures the essence of existentialism encouraging personal meaning-making. Option C reflects the challenge to traditional notions of truth, which is a key theme in the passage. Option E highlights the ongoing relevance of themes like identity and authenticity in modern discussions, aligning with the passage's conclusion. However, Options B and D do not accurately represent the passage's focus, making A, C, and E the correct choices.

10. Answer: B

Explanation: The main purpose of the passage is to explore how existentialism has influenced literature through its themes and ideas. It discusses various authors and their contributions, making option B the most accurate representation of the passage's intent. Options A, C, and D do not encompass the broader analysis presented in the text.

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