Urbanisation and Wildlife - TOEFL iBT® Reading Practice Test

The TOEFL Reading test often includes passages designed to evaluate your ability to understand, analyze, and think critically. With topics like 'Urbanization and Wildlife,' this test presents passages that require you to interpret details, recognize main ideas, and grasp the context of information provided. Working on such passages not only prepares you for TOEFL but also builds a foundation for reading academic material efficiently.

Through passages like these, you can practice interpreting complex ideas and improve your readiness to handle the TOEFL Reading section with confidence.

Reading Instructions:

• You have 15 minutes to read the following passage and answer all 9 questions related to it.
• Most questions are worth 1 point, but the last question is worth more. The directions indicate how many points you will receive for that specific question.
• The specific section/paragraphs have been provided again with the question for ease of understanding and quick solution.
• Some questions include a word or phrase that is highlighted in the question as well as in the paragraph for quick reference.

Directions: Once you have read the passage, answer the following questions.

Paragraph 1 

City growth, defined as the increasing gathering of populations in urban areas, has become a key aspect of the modern world, especially since the late 20th century. According to the United Nations, by 2050, about 68% of the global population is expected to live in urban environments, a significant increase from 55% in 2018. This rapid urban growth often occurs without adequate planning or thought for environmental impacts, leading to major changes in natural environments. The clash between urban development and wildlife conservation presents a complex challenge, as the needs of human populations often conflict with the preservation of biodiversity. Understanding the effects of city growth on wildlife is crucial for developing long-lasting plans that balance human needs with ecological integrity.

Factual Information Question

1. According to paragraph 1, what percentage of the global population is expected to live in urban environments by 2050?

   1. 55% 
   2. 68% 
   3. 70% 
   4. 60% 

Negative Factual Information Question

1. The author mentions all of the following as consequences of rapid urban growth EXCEPT:

   1. Major changes in natural environments 
   2. Increased biodiversity 
   3. Conflicts between human needs and wildlife conservation 
   4. Inadequate planning 

Paragraph 2

One of the most immediate effects of city growth on wildlife is habitat loss. As cities expand, forests, wetlands, and grasslands are often cleared to make way for residential, commercial, and industrial developments. This loss of habitat can lead to a decline in wildlife populations, as many species cannot adapt to the altered landscapes. For example, studies have shown that urban sprawl has contributed to the decline of various bird species, such as the European skylark, which relies on open fields for nesting and foraging. Furthermore, habitat breaking apart can isolate populations, making it difficult for species to find mates or access resources, ultimately threatening their long-term survival. As a result, the extinction rates of many species have increased, with some estimates suggesting that city growth is a contributing factor to the loss of up to 1 million species globally.

Inference Question

1. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the impact of urban sprawl on bird species?

   1. Urban sprawl has no effect on bird populations. 
   2. Urban sprawl has led to an increase in bird populations. 
   3. Urban sprawl has contributed to the decline of certain bird species. 
   4. Urban sprawl has improved nesting conditions for birds. 

Paragraph 3

In addition to habitat loss, city growth introduces a range of human-caused pressures that can harm wildlife. Pollution, noise, and man-made light from urban areas can disrupt the natural behaviors of many species. For example, artificial lighting can interfere with the movement routes of birds, leading to confusion and increased death rates. Similarly, noise pollution can mask the sounds that animals rely on for communication, mating, and avoiding predators. Moreover, the presence of non-native species, often introduced through human activities, can further worsen the challenges faced by native wildlife. These invasive species may outcompete local animals for resources, leading to declines in native populations. Therefore, the combined effects of these pressures can create an environment that is increasingly unwelcoming for many species.

Rhetorical Purpose Question

1. Why does the author discuss the effects of pollution and noise in paragraph 3?

   1. To highlight the benefits of urban growth 
   2. To illustrate the challenges faced by wildlife in urban areas 
   3. To suggest that urban areas are safe for wildlife 
   4. To argue that wildlife can adapt easily to urban environments 

Paragraph 4

However, urban environments can also provide unique opportunities for wildlife. Some species have shown remarkable adaptability to urban settings, taking advantage of the resources available in these altered landscapes. For instance, certain bird species, such as pigeons and sparrows, have thrived in cities, benefiting from the abundance of food sources and nesting sites. Additionally, urban green spaces, such as parks and gardens, can serve as essential safe places for various species, offering habitats that support biodiversity within otherwise unwelcoming environments. These green spaces can also help improve ecological connectivity, allowing wildlife to move between fragmented habitats and maintain genetic diversity. Consequently, urban areas can act as unexpected sanctuaries for certain species, highlighting the potential for coexistence.

Vocabulary Question

1. The word "sanctuaries" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to:

   1. Prisons 
   2. Safe havens 
   3. Urban centres 
   4. Commercial areas 

Paragraph 5

The concept of "urban ecology" has emerged as a field of study that seeks to understand the connections between urban environments and wildlife. Researchers are increasingly recognizing the importance of combining environmental principles into urban planning and design. For example, the implementation of green roofs, wildlife corridors, and sustainable landscaping can improve urban biodiversity while providing essential environmental benefits, such as air purification and temperature regulation. In addition, community engagement in conservation efforts can foster a sense of responsibility among urban residents, encouraging them to participate in initiatives that support local wildlife. This collaborative approach can lead to new solutions that benefit both urban dwellers and the surrounding environments.

Sentence Simplification Question

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the following text in paragraph 5? 

"The concept of 'urban ecology' has emerged as a field of study that seeks to understand the connections between urban environments and wildlife." 

1. Urban ecology studies the relationship between cities and wildlife. 
2. Urban ecology is a new concept that focuses on wildlife. 
3. Urban ecology is about the design of cities. 
4. Urban ecology examines only the negative effects of urbanisation. 

Paragraph 6

To sum up, the relationship between city growth and wildlife is varied, characterized by both challenges and opportunities. While urban expansion poses significant threats to biodiversity through habitat loss and increased human-caused pressures, it also presents avenues for innovative conservation strategies. As urban areas continue to grow, it is vital that planners, decision-makers, and communities work together to create sustainable urban environments that accommodate both human populations and wildlife. By fostering a harmonious coexistence, we can ensure that city growth does not come at the expense of our planet's rich variety of life. Future research should explore unanswered questions regarding the long-term effects of city growth on specific species and environments, preparing the way for a future where both humans and wildlife can thrive.

Purpose of the Passage Question

1. What is the main purpose of paragraph 6?

   1. To summarise the negative effects of urban growth on wildlife 
   2. To highlight the importance of urban planning for wildlife conservation 
   3. To discuss the future of urban environments 
   4. To emphasise the need for more research on urban wildlife 

Insert Missing Sentence Question

1. In paragraph 6, there is a missing sentence. The paragraph is repeated below and shows four letters (A, B, C, and D) that indicate where the following sentence could be added. 

"Effective collaboration can lead to sustainable solutions." 

Where would the sentence best fit? 

To sum up, the relationship between city growth and wildlife is varied, characterised by both challenges and opportunities. (A) While urban expansion poses significant threats to biodiversity through habitat loss and increased human-caused pressures, it also presents avenues for innovative conservation strategies. (B) As urban areas continue to grow, it is vital that planners, decision-makers, and communities work together to create sustainable urban environments that accommodate both human populations and wildlife. (C) By fostering a harmonious coexistence, we can ensure that city growth does not come at the expense of our planet's rich variety of life. (D) Future research should explore unanswered questions regarding the long-term effects of city growth on specific species and environments, preparing the way for a future where both humans and wildlife can thrive.

Prose Summary Question

1. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. 

   Urban growth presents both challenges and opportunities for wildlife. 

   Answer Choices 

   1. Urban expansion leads to habitat loss and increased pressures on wildlife. 
   2. Urban areas can serve as unexpected sanctuaries for certain species. 
   3. The concept of urban ecology is irrelevant to wildlife conservation. 
   4. Innovative conservation strategies can help balance urban growth and biodiversity.
   5. Community engagement is unnecessary for wildlife conservation efforts. 

Prose Summary Question

1. What is the main takeaway from the passage regarding urban growth and wildlife?

   1. Urban growth is solely detrimental to wildlife. 
   2. Urban areas can coexist with wildlife through thoughtful planning and conservation. 
   3. Wildlife will inevitably decline as cities expand. 
   4. Urbanisation has no impact on biodiversity.

Answer Key with Explanation for TOEFL Reading Passage - Urbanisation and Wildlife

1. Answer: B

Explanation: The passage explicitly states that according to the United Nations, by 2050, about 68% of the global population is expected to live in urban environments. This figure is contrasted with the 55% recorded in 2018, making option B the correct choice.

2. Answer: B

Explanation: The passage discusses major changes in natural environments, conflicts between human needs and wildlife conservation, and inadequate planning as consequences of urban growth. However, it does not mention increased biodiversity; rather, it implies a decline in biodiversity due to habitat loss and other pressures, making option B the correct answer.

3. Answer: C

Explanation: The passage provides evidence that urban sprawl has led to habitat loss, which negatively affects bird species like the European skylark. This suggests that urban sprawl contributes to their decline, making option C the most accurate inference.

4. Answer: B

Explanation: The author highlights how pollution, noise, and artificial light disrupt natural behaviors of wildlife, emphasizing the challenges these pressures create for species living in urban environments. This aligns with option B, which captures the essence of the discussion.

5. Answer: B

Explanation: In the context of the passage, "sanctuaries" refers to places that provide safety and support for wildlife. This aligns closely with the meaning of "safe havens," making option B the correct choice.

6. Answer: A

Explanation: This option succinctly captures the main idea of the sentence regarding urban ecology's focus on understanding the connections between urban environments and wildlife, making it the best choice.

7. Answer: B

Explanation: The paragraph discusses the need for planners and communities to work together to create sustainable urban environments that accommodate both human populations and wildlife, emphasizing the importance of urban planning in conservation efforts.

8. Answer: B

Explanation: The missing sentence, "Effective collaboration can lead to sustainable solutions," fits best after the mention of the threats posed by urban expansion and before discussing the need for collaboration among planners and communities. This placement reinforces the idea that collaboration is essential for addressing the challenges.

9. Answer Choices: A, B and D.

Explanation: These three choices encapsulate the main ideas of the passage: the negative impacts of urban growth (A), the potential for urban areas to support some species (B), and the importance of conservation strategies (D). Options C and E do not reflect the passage's content.

10. Answer: B

Explanation: The passage emphasizes the dual nature of urban growth, presenting both challenges and opportunities for wildlife. It advocates for sustainable planning and conservation efforts that allow for coexistence, making option B the most accurate summary of the passage's main takeaway.

Approaching topics like 'Urbanization and Wildlife' helps you strengthen skills essential for TOEFL Reading. Practicing with these passages builds a better understanding of varied topics, enhances analytical abilities, and prepares you effectively for test day.

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